Organic Experiments 9th Edition Kenneth L Williamson Pdf Reader
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Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments SIXTH EDITION Kenneth L. Williamson Mount Holyoke College, Emeritus Katherine M. Masters Pennsylvania. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments (Williamson, Kenneth L.) An encyclopedia of organic laboratory experiments.
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Related Content Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments (Williamson, Kenneth L.) Journal of Chemical.Author:REIKO BAIZERLanguage:English, Spanish, PortugueseCountry:SwedenGenre:BiographyPages:319Published (Last):ISBN:355-5-20532-158-4ePub File Size:22.45 MBPDF File Size:10.61 MBDistribution:Free.Regsitration RequiredDownloads:37097Uploaded by:Macroscale and microscale organic experiments pdf. Editorial Reviews. About the Author. Ken Williamson is retired from Mt. Holyoke College where he taught the organic chemistry laboratory course. Get instant access to our step-by-step Macroscale And Microscale Organic Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments PDF solution manuals? It's easier.This solid is then extracted three times with dichloromethane.
The solution is dried over calcium chloride and evapo- rated at room temperature under vacuum to leave the crude carotenoids.This acetone treatment removes most of the water from the cellular mixture. Scrape out the tube with a spatula, let it drain thoroughly, and squeeze out as much liquid as pos- sible from the solid residue in the funnel with a spatula.Discard the yellow filtrate. Then return the solid residue to the centrifuge tube and add 5 mL of dichloromethane to effect extraction.
Cap the tube and shake the mixture vigor- ously. Dry the solution over anhydrous cal- cium chloride pellets, filter the solution into a small flask, and evaporate the solu- tion to dryness with a stream of nitrogen or under vacuum using a rotary evaporator Fig.Determine the weight of the crude material. Other books:Using the dry sample loading method described at the beginning of this chapter, add the mg of alumina that has the crude carotenoids absorbed on it. Add a few drops of hexanes to wash down the inside of the chromatography column and to consolidate the carotenoid mixture at the top of the column. Elute the column with hexanes, discard the initial colorless eluate, and collect all yellow or orange eluates together. Macroscale and Microscale Organic ExperimentsExamination of the material spotted on the slide may reveal crystallinity. If you are using tomato paste, a small amount of yellow Gr beta-carotene will come off first, followed by lycopene.
Finally, dissolve the samples obtained by evaporating the solvent in the least possible amount of dichloromethane and carry out TLC of the two products in order to ascertain their purity see Chapter 8, Experiment 2.You may want to com- bine your purified products with those of several other students, evaporate the solution to dryness, dissolve the residue in deuterochloroform, CDCl3, and deter- mine the 1H NMR spectrum see Chapter Also obtain an infrared spectrum and a visible spectrum in hexane. Note that Gr beta-carotene is in demand as a source of vitamin A and is manu- factured by an efficient synthesis. Until very recently no use for lycopene had been found.Place recovered and unused dichloromethane in the halogenated organic waste container; the solvents used for TLC in the organic solvents waste container. If local regulations allow, evaporate any residual solvent from the drying agents in the hood and place the dried solid in the nonhazardous waste container.
Otherwise, place the wet drying agent in a waste container designated for this pur- pose.Used plant material and dry TLC plates can be discarded in the nonhaz- ardous waste container. For Further Investigation The carotenoids of any leaf can be isolated in the manner described in this exper- iment.Grind the leaf material about 10 g in a mortar with some sand; then follow the above procedure. Waxy leaves do not work well.
The carotenoids are present in the leaf during its entire life span, so a green leaf from a maple tree or euonymus shrub, also known as burning bush, known to turn bright red in the fall, will show lycopene even when the leaf is green. Macroscale And Microscale Organic ExperimentsIn the fall, the chlorophyll decomposes before the carotenoids, so the leaves appear in a variety of orange and red hues. It is of interest to investigate the carotenoids of the tomato, of which there are some 80 varieties.It is not converted controlled with the thumb. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Copyright Cengage Learning, Inc.
Do not heat solutions when evaporating solvents and, if possible, flush apparatus with nitrogen to exclude oxygen.The mixture is filtered, the yellow filtrate discarded, and the material on the filter squeezed as dry as possible. This solid is then extracted three times with dichloromethane. The solution is dried over calcium chloride and evapo- rated at room temperature under vacuum to leave the crude carotenoids.This acetone treatment removes most of the water from the cellular mixture. Scrape out the tube with a spatula, let it drain thoroughly, and squeeze out as much liquid as pos- sible from the solid residue in the funnel with a spatula. Discard the yellow filtrate. Then return the solid residue to the centrifuge tube and add 5 mL of dichloromethane to effect extraction.Cap the tube and shake the mixture vigor- ously.
Dry the solution over anhydrous cal- cium chloride pellets, filter the solution into a small flask, and evaporate the solu- tion to dryness with a stream of nitrogen or under vacuum using a rotary evaporator Fig. Determine the weight of the crude material. Column Chromatography; Photo: Column It will be very small. If the residue is dry, as it should be, add just enough Chromatography dichloromethane to dissolve the residue.
Related Post:Save 1 drop of this solution to carry out a TLC analysis using dichloromethane as the eluent on silica gel plates; see Chapter 8. Then add mg of alumina to the remaining dichloromethane solution and evap- orate the mixture to dryness, again without heat.Column Chromatography The crude carotenoid is to be chromatographed on an 8-cm column of basic or neu- tral alumina, prepared with hexanes as the solvent see the detailed procedure at the beginning of this chapter. Run out excess solvent or remove it from the top of the chromatography column with a Pasteur pipette. Using the dry sample loading method described at the beginning of this chapter, add the mg of alumina that has the crude carotenoids absorbed on it.Add a few drops of hexanes to wash down the inside of the chromatography column and to consolidate the carotenoid mixture at the top of the column. Elute the column with hexanes, discard the initial colorless eluate, and collect all yellow or orange eluates together.Examination of the material spotted on the slide may reveal crystallinity. If you are using tomato paste, a small amount of yellow Gr beta-carotene will come off first, followed by lycopene.
Finally, dissolve the samples obtained by evaporating the solvent in the least possible amount of dichloromethane and carry out TLC of the two products in order to ascertain their purity see Chapter 8, Experiment 2.You may want to com- bine your purified products with those of several other students, evaporate the solution to dryness, dissolve the residue in deuterochloroform, CDCl3, and deter- mine the 1H NMR spectrum see Chapter Also obtain an infrared spectrum and a visible spectrum in hexane. Note that Gr beta-carotene is in demand as a source of vitamin A and is manu- factured by an efficient synthesis. Until very recently no use for lycopene had been found. Place recovered and unused dichloromethane in the halogenated organic waste container; the solvents used for TLC in the organic solvents waste container.If local regulations allow, evaporate any residual solvent from the drying agents in the hood and place the dried solid in the nonhazardous waste container.Otherwise, place the wet drying agent in a waste container designated for this pur- pose. Used plant material and dry TLC plates can be discarded in the nonhaz- ardous waste container.For Further Investigation The carotenoids of any leaf can be isolated in the manner described in this exper- iment. Grind the leaf material about 10 g in a mortar with some sand; then follow the above procedure.Waxy leaves do not work well.
The carotenoids are present in the leaf during its entire life span, so a green leaf from a maple tree or euonymus shrub, also known as burning bush, known to turn bright red in the fall, will show lycopene even when the leaf is green. In the fall, the chlorophyll decomposes before the carotenoids, so the leaves appear in a variety of orange and red hues.
Item PreviewIt is of interest to investigate the carotenoids of the tomato, of which there are some 80 varieties. The orange-colored tangerine tomato contains an isomer of lycopene. If a hexane solution of the prolycopene from this tomato is treated with a drop of a very dilute solution of iodine in hexane and then exposed to bright light, the solution will turn deep-orange in color, indicating that a cis-double bond has isomerized to the trans form.The product is, however, still not identical to natural lycopene. Isomerization Prepare a hexane solution of either carotene or lycopene, and save a drop for TLC.Treat the solution with a very dilute solution of iodine in hexane, expose the resulting mixture to strong light for a few minutes, and then carry out TLC on the resulting solution. Also compare the visible spectrum before and after isomerization.Iodine serves as a catalyst for the light-catalyzed isomerization of some of the trans-double bonds to an equilibrium mixture containing cis-isomers.Related Papers.Senior Marketing Communications Manager: Iodine serves as a catalyst for the light-catalyzed isomerization of some of the trans-double bonds to an equilibrium mixture containing cis-isomers.
Organic Experiments 9th Edition Kenneth L Williamson Pdf Reader Review
Determine the weight of the crude material. We have included one experiment of this type, the Cannizzaro reaction Chapter 23, in which an aldehyde is simply mixed with sodium hydroxide to give, through a compensated oxidation-reduction process, an alcohol and the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid—with no solvent, no by-products.Learn more about Amazon Giveaway.
Asking a study question in a snap - just take a pic. The two liquids do not mix, but when shaken together, the organic materials and inorganic byproducts go into the liquid layer that they are the most soluble in, either organic or aqueous.Because sand is a fairly poor conductor of heat, there can be a very large variation in temperature in the sand bath depending on its depth. Published on Nov 17, Tables of 1 H and 13 C NMR chemical shifts have been compiled for common organic compounds often used as reagents or found as products or contaminants in deuterated organic solvents.
W hen the Environment is Other People: An Essay on Science, Culture, and the Authoritative Allocation of ValuesBarry Sullivan-When the Environment is Other People: An Essayon Science, Culture, and the AuthoritativeAllocation of ValuesBary Sullivan.The High Court judge listened carefully to the counsel's submissionsabout various articles of the Constitution, but there was no argumentabout facts or truth, guilt or innocence. In the end he was not thelegal arbiter, because there were so few legal issues at stake. Most ofthe issues raised in the case were moral: the right. Of an ethos toprevail over the right of an individual. Basically, he was being asked todecide how life should be conducted in a small town. He smiled tohimself at the thought and shook his head.If he were another person he could write the opposite judgment,but as eleven o'clock grew near he knew that the verdict he hadwritten out on his foolscap pages was the one he would deliver, and itwould be viewed by his colleagues as eminently sensible and wellreasoned. But he was still unhappy about the case because he hadbeen asked to interpret more than the law, and he was not equippedto be a moral arbiter.
Organic Experiments 9th Edition Kenneth L Williamson Pdf Reader Free
He was not certain about right and wrong, andhe realized that this was something he would have to keep hiddenfrom the courtroom.' Colm T6ibfnMember of the Massachusetts and Illinois bars. Partner, Jenner & Block, Chicago,Illinois.
Adjunct Professor of Law, Northwestern University School of Law. A great deal ofthe work on this essay was accomplished during the 1992-93 academic year, when theauthor was Visiting Professor of Law at Northwestern, and he is grateful for having hadthe opportunity during that year to present an earlier version in faculty workshops atNorthwestern and at Duke University School of Law. The author also is grateful toPartners of the Americas for inviting him to speak on AIDS and North American law at theThird International Conference on AIDS in the Workplace in Sao Paulo, Brazil, inDecember 1992, which provided- a welcome opportunity to reconsider a number offundamental issues. Carolyn Crink and Diane Katz provided indispensable research assistance.The author is grateful to the participants in the Duke and Northwestern facultyworkshops, and to Lawrence Baxter, Harlon L. Dalton, Patricia A. Davidson, Robert L.Graham, S. Randall Humm, Laura Lin, S.
Michelle Malinowski, Bernard D. Meltzer, ThomasW. Merrill, Thaddeus J. Nodzenski, Stephen Paffrath, H. Jefferson Powell, LeonardRubinowitz, Marshall S. Shapo, Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, and Oliver E.
Williamson, all ofwhom provided challenging comments on an earlier draft. The views expressed, and anyremaining errors, are solely those of the author.1 CoLM T61BIN, THE HEATHER BLAZING 90-92 (1992).I said: 'It's certain there is no fine thingSince Adam's fall but needs much labouring.' 2INTRODUCTIONSection 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 197, 3 and othermore recent statutory enactments aimed at securing the rights ofthe disabled,4 afford statutory protection against discrimination topersons who are disabled by virtue of having a contagious disease,or who have a contagious disease in addition to some otherdisability, so long as their presence or activities would not constitutea 'significant risk' to the health or safety of others.
That test waslaid down by the Supreme Court in School Bd. Of Nassau County v.ArlineP in 1987; it was subsequently ratified by Congress;6 and ithas provided the governing principle in many cases.7 Indeed, in aseries of early cases arising out of the AIDS epidemic,8 where2 W.B. YEArS, Adam's Curs in THE COLLEcrED POEMS OF W.B. YEATS 78 (1956 ed.).3 29 U.S.C.
§ 794 (1988 & Supp. IV 1992).4 See, e.g., Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101-213 (Supp. III1991).5 480 U.S. 273, 287 n.16 (1987).6 See, e.g., 29 U.S.C.
§ 706(8)(D) (Supp. IV 1992); 42 U.S.C.
Organic Experiments 9th Edition Kenneth L Williamson Pdf Reader Online
§§ 12111(3), 12113(a)& (d)(3) (Supp. III 1991).7 See, e.g., Pandazides v. Of Educ., 946 F.2d 345, 349 (4th Cir.
1991)(teacher with learning disabilities), appeal after remand, 804 F. 794 (1992), rev'd, 13F.3d 823 (4th Cir.
1994); Doe v. Attorney Gen. Of the United States, 941 F.2d 780, 798(9th Cir.
1991) (physician with AIDS); Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 1521-27 (lthCir. 1991) (prison inmates with HIV); Kohl v. Woodhaven Learning Ctr., 865 F.2d 930,936 (8th Cir. 1989) (handicapped individual with Hepatitis B); Casey v.
Lewis, 773 F.Supp. 1365, 1370-71 (D.
1991) (prison inmates with HIV), rev'd, 4 F.3d 1516 (9thCir. 1993); Glanz v. Vernick, 756 F. 1991) (patient with HIV);Serrapica v. City of New York, 708 F. 64, 73 (S.D.N.Y. 1989) (sanitation workerwith diabetes mellitus).
See infra pp. 612-18.8 AIDS is the term generally used to describe the most advanced stage of HIVdisease.
The course of HIV disease, which proceeds more or less as a continuum overtime, is generally divided into four stages: (1) seroconversion; (2) HIV asymptomatic;(3) HIV symptomatic; and (4) 'full-blown' AIDS. Seroconversion literally means that theblood now has the HIV antibody and is thus susceptible to detection. Duringseroconversion, both the virus and the immune system are active; the virus plants itselfwithin the walls of the white blood cells, and the immune system produces antibodies. Inthis stage, a person may experience flu-like symptoms including a fever, swollen lymphglands, and a sore throat; others may have mononucleosis for a few weeks. During thesecond stage, a person may feel well, but the virus is not dormant. The virus continuesto reproduce (at lower levels than during seroconversion) and attacks the CD4+T-lymphocytes, which are a critical part of the body's immune system.