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The Sapir-Whorf HypothesisThe Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language. The hypothesis, which has also been called linguistic relativity, states that language shapes thought. Studies have shown, for instance, that unless people have access to the word ‘ambivalent’ they don’t recognize an experience of uncertainty due to conflicting positive and negative feelings about one issue which is the definition of ambivalent.
Essentially, the hypothesis argues, if a person can’t describe the experience, the person is not having the experience.1. What is the topic of the lecture?a. If certain words don’t exist in your language, there’s a reasonb.
The idea that language affects our experiencesc. How linguistic relativity shapes the way we thinkd. You can predict what someone is thinking based on their language2.
Why does the professor talk about the word ‘ambivalent’?a. To prove that linguistic relativity is a viable hypothesisb. To provide an example of linguistic relativityc. To argue that linguistic relativity is not an accurate hypothesisd. To further explain the concept of linguistic relativity. The TOEFL Listening section consists of both campus conversations and academic lectures.But our TOEFL Listening practice only focuses on academic lectures.Why?Because academic lectures are more challenging to comprehend than conversations.If you think about it, a conversation between two people is more interesting than listening to a professor drone on about some academic topic you’re not very interested in.Also, there are four academic lectures and only two conversations in the TOEFL Listening.
We believe that if you can master the academic lectures, the conversation passages will be a breeze. These short listening passages were specifically designed to help you improve your TOEFL listening skills.First, let’s consider why these short passages are so helpful. For starters, you don’t have to focus on so much material at once. It’s much easier to sort through small bursts of information.Secondly, these short listening passages allow you to reflect on your answers. If you don’t understand why A, B, C, or D is correct, how will you be able to choose the correct answer in the future?When you take time to reflect on your answer, you are taking time to make sure you completely understand why you got a question wrong (or right). Just because you got a question correct doesn’t mean you understand it.
An important fact about the is that you can’t jump around to answer questions like in the reading. You can’t go back to an answer you skipped. You must choose an answer then move on to the next question no matter what.Here are a few more quick details about the TOEFL Listening section:. Conversations are followed by five questions, lectures by six. Contains two parts, three passages in each part for a total of six passages.
Four academic passages and two conversations. Conversations are between a student and a campus worker (usually a professor).
Lectures will last at least four minutes (and it will feel like an eternity). Expect 34 questions in totalIf you want a complete guide to the TOEFL Listening, you can check out our.
'There is a table here. Please rotate your phone to landscape in order to see it.' The Listening Section Question TypesQuestion TypeQuestionFrequency (per section)Question ValueQuestion Phrasing1. Gist - content61“What is the topic of the discussion?” “What is the professor mainly discussing?”2. Gist - purpose3-51“Why does the student visit the professor?” “Why does the professor mention?”3. Detail10-121-2“What is stated in the passage about” 'According to the speaker,”4. Attitude3-51“What’s the professor’s opinion of?” “What can be inferred about the student?”5.
Function3-41“What does the speaker mean when he says” “Why does the professor say this”6. Inference5-61“What can be inferred about?” “What does the speaker imply about?”7. Organization41-3“How does the professor organize the information about”.
The TOEFL Listening section has seven different question types. gist – content (like a main idea question). gist – purpose (only in the conversations, not lectures). detail (most popular). attitude.
function. inference. organizationWhy does this matter?If you can recognize the type of question you have to answer, you’ve already won part of the battle. Understanding the will give you hints and clues as to what to look for and which responses to eliminate.If you’re still getting questions wrong, you may have. Heard some challenging vocabulary words. Misunderstood the topic of the lecture (or conversation). Misinterpreted the tone of the lecturer (or speaker)It’s not always about strategy when it comes to getting these questions correct.
That’s why it’s important to always look up words you don’t know, and practice, practice, practice.When I say practice, I don’t mean just taking practice exam after practice exam. Practice your listening skills in every way possible.
Watch shows, listen to podcasts and download music in English. Increased exposure is one of the best remedies for a limited vocabulary.And, of course, use our complete. It’s one thing to sit down and take a few practice exams, it’s another to feel confident under the pressure of the clock.Here’s the deal.On the TOEFL exam, you won’t be able to think about a question for 5 minutes. In reality, you have about 30 seconds to answer each question in the allotted amount of time.Since our TST Prep TOEFL Listening Practice has short passages and only 2 questions, we suggest trying to answer both in less than a minute.GO CRAZY. After you have mastered answering in less than 60 seconds, try to do it in less than 45 seconds. This will help you sharpen your skills and reduce your anxiety about the clock on test day.The bottom line?To feel confident, rather than time restricted, it’s important to start training yourself to stay calm and answer questions when under pressure.
That’s why you should start out giving yourself PLENTY of time. Focus on improving your listening skills first, then worry about time.Phew!That was a lot to take inI’m sure you’re ready to dive right in and start practicing right now!
TOEFL OverviewWhile it may not be relevant for native English speakers, the TOEFL, or Test of English as a Foreign Language, is an extremely important exam for non-native speakers. In order to gain entrance to many universities in an English-speaking country, students must take and pass the TOEFL. This standardized test is not mandatory for every school in English-speaking countries, but it is accepted and even required by most major universities.Since 1964, the Educational Testing Service (ETS) has designed and administered the TOEFL.
ETS is a private non-profit organization that sends official scores and reports directly to universities on behalf of each student. The TOEFL is one of two major English proficiency tests (along with the IELTS) that are widely accepted around the world. How to Study for the TOEFLWhen it comes to studying, everyone has different needs, timelines, and study habits. That said, there are plenty of great TOEFL resources to get you started out on the right foot. If you’re searching for ways to prepare for the TOEFL, check out some of the following resources: Official TOEFL ResourcesOne of the best ways to prepare for an exam is to get information directly from the test administrators.
For the TOEFL, this means consulting the Educational Testing Service (ETS), which has been testing and scoring students for nearly a decade. Here are a few helpful links provided by the ETS:.Free TOEFL Practice Tests - Questions and AnswersIn addition to official resources, there are a number of valuable practice tests available to students for free online.
These tests can vary in certain respects, but they all provide an accurate representation of the TOEFL, so it’s a good idea to check out more than one:.Free TOEFL Study Guides (PDF)Taking TOEFL practice tests will help you know what to expect, but many people require additional guidance to build positive study habits. Thankfully, there are several comprehensive study guides available online. These links will compliment and guide your TOEFL study plan, with absolutely no cost to you:.Free TOEFL FlashcardsIn order to get a high score on the TOEFL, you will need to retain a lot of information. Flashcards are a great way to learn new information and recall important words, grammar structures, or tenses during the test. Let’s take a look at a few of the best free TOEFL flashcard resources available:.Exam Outline - What’s On the TOEFL iBT?Needless to say, there are plenty of ways to prepare for the TOEFL, but it is extremely important that you know what to expect on the day of the test. In addition to knowing the types of questions on the test, you will also want to know how the TOEFL is administered, your allotted time, and all of the DO’s and DON’Ts for the test day.There are technically two different forms of the TOEFL: the TOEFL iBT and TOEFL PBT.
The latter is a paper-based exam that has mostly been phased out, though it is still offered at many ETS testing centers. However, the vast majority of students end up taking the TOEFL iBT, which is administered online via testing centers.Though each version of the TOEFL is administered in a different format, both tests are largely the same.
The TOEFL is comprised of 4 distinct sections: Reading, Listening, Speaking, and Writing. Let’s take a closer look at each section to better understand the structure of the examm.
ReadingLike any exam that tests your linguistic abilities, the TOEFL includes a reading section to analyze your reading comprehension abilities. This section includes passages of reading material from a wide variety of sources and topics, ranging from literature to science. Following each passage, you will need to answer questions to ensure that you understood the reading material.Allotted Time: 60-80 minutesNumber of Questions: 36-56Type of Questions: Multiple-choice ListeningThe listening section is often considered one of the most challenging parts of the TOEFL.
Listening comprehension is particularly difficult in a second language, and this section consists of 4-6 lectures and 2-3 conversations, each followed by comprehension questions. The material generally covers academic topics, ranging from the arts to life sciences.Allotted Time: 60-90 minutesNumber of Questions: 34-51Type of Questions: Multiple-choice SpeakingIn the speaking section, students must respond to questions, speak on a predetermined topic, and read passages aloud. This section tests your ability to communicate effectively on a variety of academic topics. Though it is certainly a challenging section, it is also the shortest in terms of time allotment.Allotted Time: 20 minutesNumber of Tasks: 6Type of Questions: Spoken WritingThe writing section tests your ability to use correct grammar, vocabulary, and writing structure. Additionally, you must construct a coherent argument in two distinct essays.
One essay is based on a reading passage, while the other is based on a writing prompt. The speaking and writing sections are the only ones that do not include multiple-choice questions.Allotted Time: 50 minutesNumber of Tasks: 2Type of Questions: Essay TOEFL Administration - What You Need to Know to RegisterThe TOEFL is administered on specific dates throughout the year.
Most years, there are more than 50 dates on which you can take the exam, so it is pretty easy to find a test day that works for your schedule. Additionally, the ETS gives you three ways to register: online, by phone, or by mail. You can learn more about the registration process and fees on the ETS website. What Happens During the TOEFL?TOEFL tests must be taken at an authorized ETS testing center. Generally, you should expect to spend between 4-5 hours at the testing center on the day of the test. You should try to show up at least 30 minutes prior to your test time, as you will need to sign in and show your I.D.
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To the test administrator.You will spend between 120-170 minutes on the first two sections (Reading and Listening) before taking a 10 minute break. The allotted time and number of questions varies for the first two sections, as some of the questions are experimental and do not count toward your final score. The number of experimental questions varies for each test.After the 10 minute break, you will move on to the final two sections (Speaking and Writing).
You are allowed to take notes during the test, however you cannot speak to anyone else. Like most standardized tests, you will need to notify a test administrator if you have any questions or problems. Who is Eligible to Take the TOEFL?The ETS requires all students to show a valid form of ID in order to register and take the TOEFL. You can learn about the exact requirements for identification right here.
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Generally, you are eligible for the TOEFL as long as you can present an unexpired, government-issued ID with a recent picture. For students who are under 18, it is recommended that you bring your parent or guardian with you on the day of the test. If you are 15 or under, both you and your parent/guardian must present valid ID at the test center.
TOEFL Scores - How Are They Calculated?Each section is scored individually out of 30. Then, the scores are combined for a final score out of 120.
For the speaking and writing sections, each task is scored on a scale from 0-4 (speaking) or 0-5 (writing).Internationally, the average TOEFL score is 82. Most universities set a minimum acceptable score, which varies for each school. The minimum acceptable scores are significantly higher for graduate level applicants. Though your target score will largely depend on the type of university you want to attend, a score of 94 or higher will put you in the top 25% of all test takers.
TOEFL FAQsIf you’re still unsure about what to expect from the test, here are a few of the most frequently asked questions about the TOEFL. The fees will depend on a variety of factors, including the location of your testing center. That said, you can generally expect to pay around $200 USD every time you take the test. Each testing date has a registration deadline, and if you need to register after the deadline has passed, you will need to pay an additional $40 late registration fee.The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) Exam is intended to measure a student’s ability to understand and use English at a college level. Over 6,000 colleges, government organizations, and businesses accept TOEFL test scores worldwide. The TOEFL Test serves a similar function to other standardized tests (such as and Tests) in that they used by colleges and universities as a factor in admissions. Different institutions place varying degrees of importance on, and use them along with other factors such as GPA, class rank, community service, recommendations and extracurricular activities.
The TOEFL Test is only one factor that colleges use in their admissions processes, but it can be an important factor – so you should prepare and strive to do well on the test.Last Updated: 11/14/19.